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Esophageal reflux disease
It is a condition in the stomach contents (food or liquid) are returned from the stomach towards the esophagus, the duct that goes from the mouth to the stomach. This action can irritate the esophagus, causing acidity and other symptoms.
Causes
When you eat, the food passes from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus (also called the food duct or the swallow tube). Once the food is on the stomach, a ring of muscle fibers prevents the food from being returned towards the esophagus. These muscle fibers are called lower esophageal sphincter or EEI.
If this sphincter muscle does not close well, the food, the liquid and the gastric acid can be returned towards the esophagus, which is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux can cause symptoms or even damage the esophagus.
Among the risk factors for reflux development are:
alcohol (possibly)
Hiato hernia (a condition in which part of the stomach passes over the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest of the abdominal cavity)
obesity
Pregnancy
scleroderma
smoking
Gastric acidity and gastroesophageal reflux can be produced or worsened by pregnancy and by many diverse medications. Such drugs include:
anticholinergic (for example, for dizziness)
Betlockers for arterial hypertension or heart disease
Bronchodilators for asthma
Blockers of calcium channels for arterial hypertension
Dopaminergic drugs for Parkinson's disease
Progestagen for abnormal menstrual bleeding or native control
sedatives for insomnia or anxiety
tricyclic antidepressants
If you suspect that one of the medications may be causing gastric acidity, talk to the doctor. Never change or suspend a medication you take regularly without talking to the doctor.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms are:
Feeling that the food is ator behind the sternum.
Gastric acidity or urgent pain in the chest (under the sternum) that:
increases when he crouched, tilt the body, lie down or eat;
is more likely or worse at night;
is relieved with antacids.
nausea after eating.
The less common symptoms are:
Return food (regurgitation)
cough or wheezing
Difficulty of deglutir
hiccup
Ronquera or voice changes
sore throat
Tests and exams
Maybe no examination is needed if the symptoms are not serious.
If the symptoms are severe or reappear after receiving treatment, one or more exams can help diagnose reflux or any complication:
is often used an esophagogastruodenoscopy (EGD) to find the cause and examine the esophagus (swallow tube) for damage. The doctor introduces a thin probe with a camera at the end through the mouth. The probe is then passed towards the esophagus, the stomach and the small intestine.
esophagography
Continuous esophageal pH monitor
esophageal manometry
With a positive one can be diagnosed bleeding from irritation in the esophagus, stomach or intestines.
Treatment
You can make many changes in lifestyle to help treat your symptoms. Avoid foods that cause problems. Making changes in your routine Before going to sleep you can also help.
Avoid drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take Paracetamol (Tylenol) to relieve pain.
Take your medications with enough water. When the doctor gives you a new medication, do not forget to ask him if he will worsen his gastric acidity.
You can use over-the-counter antacids after meals and at bedtime, even if they do not last for a long time. The common side effects of antacids encompass diarrhea or constipation.
Other over-the-counter and recipe drugs can treat the GERD. These work more slowly than antacids, but give it longer relief. The pharmacist, the doctor or the nurse can tell you how you should take them.
Protón pump inhibitors (IBP) decrease the amount of acid produced in the stomach.
H2 blockers (antagonists) decrease the amount of acid released in the stomach.
Anti-reflux operations (Nissen and Others' Fundoplication) can be an option for patients whose symptoms do not disappear with changes in lifestyle and drugs. Gastric acidity and other symptoms must improve after surgery, but it may still be necessary to take medications for acidity.
Likewise, there are new therapies for reflux that can be carried out by means of an endoscope (flexible probe that is passed through the mouth to the stomach).
Forecast
Most people respond to changes in lifestyle and medications. However, many patients need to continue taking drugs to control their symptoms.
Possible complications
Asthma
Barret esophagus (a change in the esophagus coating that can increase the risk of cancer)
Bronchospasm (irritation and spasm resulting from the respiratory tract due to acid)
cough or chronic ronquera
Dental problems
esophageal ulcer
stenosis (a narrowing of the esophagus due to healing)
When to contact a medical professional
Check with the doctor if the symptoms get worse or not improved with changes in lifestyle or medications.
Likewise, call any of the following symptoms:
Bleeding
drowning (cough, difficulty breathing)
Feeling full quickly when eating
Frequent Vomiting
Ronquera
Inopence
Problems for deglutir (dysphagia) or pain with swallowing (odinophagia)
Weight Loss
Prevention
Follow the techniques of preventing gastric acidity to avoid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Acute diarrhea: Causes and prevention
Acute diarrhea is a disease that is characterized by frequent evacuations and decreased consistency; Usually liquid and accompanied by abdominal discomfort. It can be of infectious or non-infectious cause and its treatment must be accompanied by an abundant intake of liquids, preferably containing electrolytes.
What is acute diarrhea?
Acute diarrhea is the occurrence of evacuations or deposits with a decrease in the consistency of fecal feces and, frequently, also the increase in the frequency of the same, all of it suddenly and with a time of life that goes from hours a few days. This disease should be treated by a gastroenterology since it can be dangerous if it does not take care of time.
Infectious or non-infectious origin
The causes of acute diarrhea can be infectious and non-infectious nature. Infectious agents can be: viruses, bacteria or parasites. Non-infectious causes can be medicines, toxic substances, alteration in digestion and / or absorption of food and even potentially serious conditions associated with diarrhea (diverticulitis, acute appendicitis, intestinal ischemia)
Sudden appearance discomfort
It usually appears in a sudden form, accompanied by abdominal discomfort as distension or swelling, colic pain (& lsquo, cramping & rsquo;), nausea and vomiting, excess intestinal gas, flatulence and urgency to evacuate. The presence of mucus, blood and fragments of non-digested food can be noticed in the feces. Depending on the cause of diarrhea, general symptoms such as fever, malaise, general and dehydration can occur.
The diagnosis is fundamentally clinical, that is, integrating the information of the table, the context in which it occurs and the possible risk factors of the person who suffers from it. According to the severity of the table, the associated symptoms or the particular characteristics of the patient may be required of blood and fecal, and cabinet laboratory analysis (x-ray, ultrasound, etc) to investigate the accurate cause of diarrhea and possible complications .
Hgiene in food, an important part to prevent diarrhea
In the case of diarrhea of infectious cause prevention measures are avoiding the intake of dubious hygiene beverages and food or poor conservation, sale foods on public roads and that have remained outdoors in unhealthy environments; Special care must be taken for the intake of food and beverages during travel in different areas to the usual (vacations, beach, tropical regions, mountain, etc.); Do not ingest water from rivers, lakes or ponds. On the other hand, it must bear in mind the possibility that the disease occurs due to some medication or the combination of several of them.
Hydration without delay
The immediate and most important treatment must be the intake of liquid (eg water or tea) preferably with electrolytes (mineral salts, potassium) in the form of oral serum or rehydrating solution to recover intestinal losses and avoid dehydration and its complications. In cases of intense and abundant diarrhea and when nausea and / or vomiting that prevent sufficient intake of fluid, emergency medical care for the intravenous serum administration should be considered. Special care must be taken in case of young children, elderly or who have suffering from that make it particularly vulnerable (malnutrition, physical or mental disability, cancer, chemotherapy ongoing, postoperative state, etc.). The need for other treatments should be considered in the event of an infection, abdominal pain or appearance of complications (alterations of the alertness, elevated fever, state of shock, etc.).
In principle, suffering can always be controlled and health can be restored quickly. In fact and fortunately, the vast majority of acute diarrhea tables are usually limited by itself, requiring rehydration and surveillance fundamentally to avoid the development of complications. In severe cases, emergency hospitalization may be required.
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